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31.
32.
The synthesis of a specific isotopomer, C6D4H(ortho)-H(ortho)D4C6 of biphenyl is reported. The intramolecular dipolar coupling of the protons leads to a well-resolved single-crystal proton
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum and allows one to study the dynamics of the phenyl rings in a unique way. At room
temperature and above, the most conspicuous dynamical mode consists of 180° ring flips. The present data together with previous
measurements of the total flip rate allow us to conclude that the rings flip almost exclusively independently of each other.
Between the incommensurate (IC) phase transition of biphenyl at 38 K andT=250 K, the prominent namical mode consists of oscillatory twists ϕ(t) of the two rings. The data allow us to infer the mean square, (φ2), of these twists. (φ2) is found to grow linearly withT for 50<T<200 K. From the slope of (φ2) vs.T the frequency (the wave number[(v)\tilde]\tilde v) is derived. The result is[(v)\tilde] = 20\tilde v = 20 cm−1. ForT<38 K, the spectra give direct evidence of the IC phase transition and its nature (stripelike rather than quiltlike). The
temperature dependence of the magnitude of the order parameter of the IC phase is obtained. 相似文献
33.
Stefan Pitsch Sebastian Wendeborn Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy Armin Holzner Mark Minton Martin Bolli Christian Miculca Norbert Windhab Ronald Micura Michael Stanek Bernhard Jaun Albert Eschenmoser 《Helvetica chimica acta》2003,86(12):4270-4363
Pyranosyl‐RNA (‘p‐RNA’ ) is an oligonucleotide system isomeric to natural RNA and composed of the very same building blocks as RNA. Its generational, chemical, and informational properties are deemed to be those of an alternative nucleic acid system that could have been a candidate in Nature's evolutionary choice of the molecular basis of genetic function. We consider the study of the chemistry of p‐RNA as etiologically relevant in the sense that knowledge of its structural, chemical, and informational properties on the chemical level offers both a perspective and reference points for the recognition of specific structural assets of the RNA structure that made it the (supposedly) superior system among possible alternatives and, therefore, the system that became part of biology as we know it today. The paper describes the chemical synthesis of β‐d‐ (and L )‐ribopyranosyl‐(4′→2′)‐oligonucleotide sequences, presents a resume of their structural and chemical properties, and cautiously discusses what we may and may not have learned from the pyranosyl isomer of RNA with respect to the conundrum of RNA's origin. 相似文献
34.
35.
We herein report that PtCl4 has proven to be a hydroarylation catalyst with an efficiency and substrate scope superior to previously known methods. This catalyst demonstrated consistent performance with arene-yne substrates of diverse structural features, including propargyl ethers, propargylamines, and alkynoate esters, providing good to excellent yields of the 6-endo products (chromenes, dihydroquinolines, and coumarins). In contrast, Pt(II), Pd(II), and Ga(III) salts were shown to be sensitive to the substitution on the alkyne moiety. PtCl4 is compatible with both terminal and disubstituted alkynes, as well as with various functionalities on the arene ring, including methyl, methoxyl, hydroxyl, protected amine, and halide. 相似文献
36.
Stefan Wörner Boryana Racheva-Iotova Stoyan Stoyanov 《Mathematical Methods of Operations Research》2002,55(2):247-263
Applying real options thinking to company valuation seems theoretically and intuitively appealing. However, the real option
analogy of a single European option as well as the compound option proxy perform poorly when applied to company valuation.
We therefore suggest to rework the building blocks of real option applications to corporate valuation.
We introduce a framework to delineate the distribution of the underlying asset in the risk neutral world, which is important
in order to value any derivative. This is achieved by an algorithm to calibrate a basket option model using real world data
of observed share prices. The fitting takes account of the class of stable distributions. The index of stability of asymmetric
α stable distribution serves as an over-all parameter to characterise the specific distribution. 相似文献
37.
B. Pümpin H. Keller W. Kündig I. M. Savić J. W. Schneider H. Simmler P. Zimmermann E. Kaldis S. Rusiecki C. Rossel 《Hyperfine Interactions》1991,63(1-4):25-31
A systematic μSR study of the local magnetic field distribution in a series of oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3O
x
samples with 6.5⩽x⩽7.0 is reported. Special attention was given to perform the experiments under the same conditions, so that the oxygen content
of the measured samples was the only parameter varied. The behavior of the depolarization rate σ as a function of the oxygen
contentx was found to have strong similarities with the behavior of the critical temperatureT
c
as a function ofx. In particular, two step-like increases of σ were observed abovex=6.7 and 6.9. The temperature dependence of the normalized depolarization rate σ(T)/σ(0) is well described by the two-fluid model forx⩾6.781(1) and clearly deviates from this behavior forx⩽6.704(1). Our results are compared to those obtained by other groups. 相似文献
38.
39.
In this paper we study higher Chow groups of smooth, projective surfaces over a field k of characteristic zero, using some new Hodge theoretic methods which we develop for this purpose. In particular we investigate the subgroup of CH
r+1 (X,r) with r = 1,2 consisting of cycles that are supported over a normal crossing divisor Z on X. In this case, the Hodge theory of the complement forms an interesting variation of mixed Hodge structures in any geometric deformation of the situation. Our main result is a structure theorem in the case where X is a very general hypersurface of degree d in projective 3-space for d sufficiently large and Z is a union of very general hypersurface sections of X. In this case we show that the subgroup of CH
r+1 (X,r) we consider is generated by obvious cycles only arising from rational functions on X with poles along Z. This can be seen as a generalization of the Noether–Lefschetz theorem for r = 0. In the case r = 1 there is a similar generalization by Müller-Stach, but our result is more precise than it, since it is geometric and not only cohomological. The case r = 2 is entirely new and original in this paper. For small d, we construct some explicit examples for r = 1 and 2 where the corresponding higher Chow groups are indecomposable, i.e. not the image of certain products of lower order groups. In an appendix Alberto Collino constructs even more indecomposable examples in CH
3 (X,2) which move in a one-dimensional family on the surface X.Contribution to appendix. 相似文献
40.
The paper addresses bivariate surface fitting problems, where data points lie on the vertices of a rectangular grid. Efficient
and stable algorithms can be found in the literature to solve such problems. If data values are missing at some grid points,
there exists a computational method for finding a least squares spline by fixing appropriate values for the missing data.
We extended this technique to arbitrary least squares problems as well as to linear least squares problems with linear equality
constraints. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the technique presented.
AMS subject classification (2000) 65D05, 65D07, 65D10, 65F05, 65F20 相似文献